Patrulla de catéteres: Análisis de la implementación de un equipo de colocación de catéteres percutáneos como estrategia menos invasiva para la terapia intravenosa / Catheter patrol: analysis of the implementation of a percutaneous catheter placement team as a less invasive strategy for intravenous therapy

En el año 2008 se creó el equipo de patrulla de catéteres para la colocación de catéteres percutáneos por punción directa para pacientes pediátricos en el Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, como estrategia para el cumplimiento de la terapia intravenosa. Diseño: Cohorte retrospectiva. Objetivo: evaluar resultados de la implementación de la patrulla de catéteres entre 2009 y 2013. Se analizaron factores asociados a complicaciones. Criterios de inclusión: catéteres colocados en unidades de cuidados intermedios por Enfermería de patrulla de catéteres en niños con edad entre 31 días a 17 años. Resultados: 2121 catéteres, 1,6 catéteres/paciente, edad mediana 6 años (r 1m- 17 años), permanencia mediana 9 días (7-12). Complicaciones más frecuentes: obstrucción 27,19%, desplazamiento 25,94%,ruptura 11,76%, traccionado por el paciente 11,08%, bacteriemia asociada a catéter 1,62 a 2,80 por 1000 días /catéter. La tasa de incidencia de complicaciones en los menores de 1 año fue 39,92 días catéter mientras que en los mayores de 1 año 31,14 días catéter; p=0,002, diámetro en fr y relación con complicaciones: 4fr 12,17 días/catéter, 3fr 24,25 días/catéter y 2fr 42,27dias/catéter, (p=0,000), no hubo diferencias según cantidad de lúmenes. Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la edad del paciente, el tipo de cuidado y contención inciden en las complicaciones. Los dispositivos de aseguramiento deberán estar acordes a las necesidades y características del niño (AU)

In 2008, the catheter patrol team was created for the placement of percutaneous catheters by direct puncture for pediatric patients at Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, as a strategy to increase compliance with intravenous therapy. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Objective: to evaluate the results of the implementation of a catheter patrol between 2009 and 2013. Factors associated with complications were analyzed. Inclusion criteria: catheters placed in intermediate care units by catheter patrol nurses in children aged 31 days to 17 years. Results: 2121 catheters, 1.6 catheters/patient, median age 6 years (r 1m- 17 years), median stay 9 days (7-12). Most frequent complications: obstruction 27.19%, displacement 25.94%, rupture 11.76%, accidental pull-out by the patient 11.08%, catheter-associated bacteremia 1.62 to 2.80 per 1000 catheter-days. The incidence rate of complications in children under 1 year of age was 39.92 catheter-days while in those older than 1 year it was 31.14 catheter-days (p=0.002). Relationship between fr diameter and complications: 4fr 12.17 catheter-days, 3fr 24.25 catheter-days, and 2fr 42.27 catheter-days (p=0.000); there were no differences according to the number of lumens. Conclusions: the results of this study suggest that the age of the patient, the type of care, and containment have an impact on complications. Securement devices should be in agreement with the needs and characteristics of the child (AU)

Prevalencia de factores asociados al acceso venoso periférico difícil en población pediátrica en un hospital chileno / Prevalence of factors associated with difficult peripheral venous access in a paediatric population in a Chilean hospital / Prevalência de fatores associados ao acesso venoso periférico difícil em uma população pediátrica em um hospital chileno

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mitad de las instalaciones pediátricas de un catéter venoso periférico resultan ser en el contexto de un paciente, un acceso venoso difícil, definido como instalación de un catéter venoso periférico frustrado en la primera punción. Actualmente se utiliza como herramienta predictiva de acceso venoso difícil el DIVAscore, sin embargo, existen investigaciones que proponen nuevos factores asociados, surgiendo la necesidad de estudiarlos en profundidad. OBJETIVO: Identificar la prevalencia de factores asociados al acceso venoso difícil en pacientes pediátricos atendidos en el servicio de cirugía de un hospital en Chile, 2022. METODOLOGÍA: Investigación cuantitativa descriptiva transversal con muestreo intencionado. Fueron incluidos pacientes de edad entre 0a 14 años cumplidos con acceso venoso difícil. Para investigar estos antecedentes clínicos, se seleccionaron 5 de los más mencionados en la literatura: Obesidad, Diabetes, Anemia de Células Falciformes, Quimioterapia y Diálisis. Se utilizó una grilla de cotejo realizada Ad Hoc, los resultados fueron analizados mediante un software y el intervalo de confianza fue de 95%. RESULTADOS: La mediana de edad fue de 1 año, con un rango intercuartílico de 3. El antecedente evaluado más prevalente en los pacientes con acceso venoso difícil fue obesidad, presente en el 31% de la muestra y el segundo, fue anemia de células falciformes, presente en un 5%. CONCLUSIONES: Se evidenció una amplia diferencia entre las variables estudiadas, siendo obesidad la de mayor prevalencia; la investigación logró el propósito de aportar evidencia que ayude a la toma de decisiones para el cuidado del capital venoso del paciente.

INTRODUCTION: Half of the pediatric installations of a peripheral venous catheter turn out to be in the context of a patient, a difficult venous access, defined as the installation of a peripheral venous catheterfrustrated in the first puncture. Currently, the DIVAscore is used as a predictive tool for difficult venous access, however, there is research that proposes new associated factors, arising the need to study them in depth. AIM:To identify the prevalence of factors associated with difficult venous access in pediatric patients treated in the surgery service of a hospital in Chile, 2022. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional descriptive quantitative research with purposive sampling. Patients aged 0 to 14 years with difficult venous access were included. To investigate these clinical antecedents, 5 of the most mentioned in the literature were selected: Obesity, Diabetes, Sickle Cell Anemia, Chemotherapy and Dialysis. An Ad Hoc comparison grid was used, the results were analyzed using software and the confidence interval was 95%. RESULTS:The median age was 1 year, with an interquartile range of 3. The most prevalent antecedent evaluated in patients with difficult venous access was obesity, present in 31% of the sample and the second, was sickle cell anemia, present in 5%. CONCLUSIONS: A wide difference was evidenced between the variables studied, with obesity being the most prevalent; the research achieved the purpose of providing evidence that helps decision-making for the care of the patient's venous capital.

INTRODUÇÃO: Metade das instalações pediátricas de um cateter venoso periférico acaba por ser no contexto de um paciente, um acesso venoso difícil, definido como a instalação de um cateter venoso periférico frustrado na primeira punção. Atualmente, o DIVAscore é utilizado como ferramenta preditiva para acesso venoso difícil, entretanto, há pesquisas que propõem novos fatores associados, surgindo a necessidade de estudá-los a fundo. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de fatores associados à dificuldade de acesso venoso em pacientes pediátricos atendidos no serviço de cirurgia de um hospital no Chile, 2022. METODOLOGIA: Pesquisa quantitativa descritiva transversal com amostragem intencional. Foram incluídos pacientes de 0 a 14 anos com acesso venoso difícil.Para investigar esses antecedentes clínicos, foram selecionados 5 dos mais citados na literatura: Obesidade, Diabetes, Anemia Falciforme, Quimioterapia e Diálise. Uma grade de comparação Ad Hoc foi usada, os resultados foram analisados usando software eo intervalo de confiança foi de 95%.RESULTADOS: A mediana de idade foi de 1 ano, com intervalo interquartil de 3. O antecedente mais prevalente avaliado em pacientes com acesso venoso difícil foi a obesidade, presente em 31% da amostra e o segundo, foi aanemia falciforme, presente em 5 %. CONCLUSÕES: Evidenciou-se ampla diferença entre as variáveis estudadas, sendo a obesidade a mais prevalente; A pesquisa atingiu o objetivo de fornecer evidências que auxiliem na tomada de decisão para o cuidado com o capital venoso do paciente.

Gestión del capital venoso de los recién nacidos hospitalizados: catéter de línea media (CM) con técnica adaptada. Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Público de Chile / Venous capital management of hospitalized newborns: midline catheter (MC) with adapted technique. Neonatology Service, Chilean public hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: El catéter midline o de línea media (CM) es un dispositivo de acceso vascular que mide de 6 a 20cm, con la punta del dispositivo ubicado en venas basílica, braquial o cefálica debajo del pliegue axilar. El catéter de línea media se caracteriza por ser un acceso confiable y proporcionar menores complicaciones que un catéter intravenoso periférico corto. Este tipo de dispositivo vascular se ha utilizado ampliamente en adultos, pero faltan estudios desarrollados en el área neonatal. OBJETIVO: fue describir las características de la utilización de catéter midline con técnica adaptada en recién nacidos hospitalizados con necesidad de terapia intravascular en un hospital público de Chile, durante 2 años de seguimiento. METODOLOGÍA: Investigación descriptiva y retrospectiva, estuvo orientada a la identificación de las variables relacionadas a: tiempo de permanencia, características de la terapia intravascular, sitio de inserción, complicaciones y causa de retiro. RESULTADOS: La muestra estuvo conformada por 163 usuarios entre 24 y 41 semanas de edad gestacional, peso de nacimiento en un rango de 500 y 4880 gramos. El 87,7% se retiró por término de tratamiento intravascular, mientras que el 12,3% del total de los CM presentó complicaciones. El promedio de rendimiento del CM fue de 7,99 días, el sitio de inserción más frecuente correspondió a extremidad superior derecha, mientras que su utilización estuvo dada principalmente para fleboterapia, antibióticos y nutrición parenteral periférica. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que el CM con técnica adaptada en usuarios neonatales presenta una alta tasa de éxito para completar la terapia intravascular periférica y bajo porcentaje de complicaciones.

INTRODUCTION: The midline catheter (MC) is a vascular access device measuring 6 to 20cm, with the tip of the device located in the basilic, brachial or cephalic veins below the axillary crease. The midline catheter is characterized as a reliable access and provides fewer complications than a short peripheral intravenous catheter. This type of vascular device has been widely used in adults, but studies developed in the neonatal area are lacking. OBJECTIVE: to describe the characteristics of the use of midline catheter with adapted technique in hospitalized newborns in need of intravascular therapy in a public hospital in Chile, during 2 years of follow-up. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive and retrospective research was oriented to the identification of variables related to: length of stay, characteristics of intravascular therapy, site of insertion, complications and cause of withdrawal. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 163 users between 24 and 41 weeks of gestational age, birth weight in the range of 500 and 4880 grams. Eighty-seven point seven percent were withdrawn due to the end of intravascular treatment, while 12.3% of the total MC presented complications. The average MC performance was 7.99 days, the most frequent insertion site corresponded to the right upper extremity, while its use was mainly for phlebotherapy, antibiotics and peripheral parenteral parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSION: The MC with adapted technique in neonatal users presents a high success rate to complete peripheral intravascular therapy and a low percentage of complications.

Cine­picc: satisfaction and knowledge following a video and hands-on training on peripherally inserted central catheter

Introduction: This study assessed the knowledge and satisfaction of a nursing staff regarding peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) care before and after a combined training strategy consisting of a video and hands-on practice.Methods: A cross-sectional and prospective study with data collection held at a public university hospital from March 2018 to May 2018 and in March 2019. Participants answered a pre-test about PICC lines, watched a video on PICC care and maintenance, attended hands-on sessions, and answered a post-test.Results: A total of 520 professionals participated in the study, of which 87.4% were from the nursing staff. The pre-test was answered by 211 individuals and the post-test questions were answered by 203 people. The satisfaction research showed 97% of satisfied respondents.Conclusions: Our results indicate that a change from the traditional training model to an active educational approach reached more participants, representing an innovative pedagogical tool in the training of critical and reflexive professionals.

A Review of Best Practices Related to Intravenous Line Management for Nurses.

The insertion, use, and maintenance of peripheral and central intravenous lines are skills used by nurses in a variety of health care and hospital settings. However, patient vascular access is not without potential complications that can result in patient harm. The aim of this review is to identify and summarize nursing research standards of care, and best practices for safe management and prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream infections related to peripheral intravascular (PIV) and central intravenous (CVC) line placement. The authors focused on concepts of site selection, skin preparation and insertion, securement, and maintenance and removal criteria for PIV and CVC.

Innovative approaches to teaching vascular access to nursing students in the COVID-19 era.

PURPOSE: For the student nurse, peripheral venous cannulation is one of the most stressful skills to be learned. Although some healthcare employers/establishments offer courses on vascular access and infusion nursing as part of their onboarding programs, ultimately educational institutions should share the responsibility to ensure that graduating nurses can provide safe infusion therapies. METHODS: An innovative vascular access and infusion nursing (VAIN) curriculum was created and mapped onto the entry to practice undergraduate nursing program at McGill University in Montréal, Québec, Canada. This presented an opportunity to implement new teaching approaches. RESULTS: Students experienced multiple new teaching approaches including multimedia and experiential learning and live simulation to ensure acquisition of knowledge and psychomotor skills. The teaching approaches had to be rapidly modified with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The VAIN curriculum emphasizes simulation and directed practice, seeking to increase competence, confidence, and knowledge. The pandemic underscored the need for flexibility and creativity in content delivery.

Reducing the incidence of phlebitis in medical adult inpatients with peripheral venous catheter care bundle: a best practice implementation project.

BACKGROUND: One major complication of the insertion of a peripheral venous catheter (PVC) is phlebitis, often resulting in delay of treatment, increased healthcare costs and prolonged hospitalization. AIMS: The current study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a standardized PVC care bundle in increasing the compliance of PVC care and assessment and reduce the occurrences of phlebitis rates. METHODS: A pre and postimplementation audit approach was used in this study and adopted the Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System and Getting Research into Practice program. This study was carried out in three phases over a 10-month period, from March 2017 to December 2017 across three medical wards in a hospital in Singapore with a sample size of 90 patients. The study involved educating nurses on phlebitis assessment, implementing a PVC care bundle and monitoring compliance. An audit tool comprising four criteria from the Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System was developed. RESULTS: One-month and 3-month postimplementation findings revealed significant improvement in Criteria 1, 3 and 4 (P < 0.001) but no significant improvement in Criterion 2 (P > 0.05). Six-month postimplementation findings showed significant improvement in all four criteria (P < 0.05). An interesting finding was that the number of reported occurrences of phlebitis increased after implementing the PVC care bundle. DISCUSSION: The increase in phlebitis rates could be attributed to the care bundle facilitating prompt and early identification of phlebitis. Despite the initial increase in occurrences 1 month post implementation, the general effectiveness of the care bundle in reducing occurrences of phlebitis was seen 6 months post implementation. The effectiveness of the care bundle to reduce phlebitis rates may be even more evident across a longer implementation period. CONCLUSION: The current study showed that the implementation of a standardized PVC care bundle can significantly enhance the assessment and identification process of phlebitis and can aid in reducing the incidence of phlebitis. The nurses' compliance in practicing the PVC care bundle was determined by the post and preimplementation audits, thus, the audit approach was beneficial in translating evidence into practice.

Best practice skin antisepsis for insertion of peripheral catheters.

This article discusses the importance of effective skin antisepsis prior to the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) and how best clinical practice is promoted by application of an appropriate method of skin disinfection integrated effectively with a proprietary aseptic non touch technique, or other standard aseptic technique. Historically under-reported, incidence of infection and risk to patients from PIVCs is now increasingly being recognised, with new research and evidence raising concern and helping to drive new clinical guidance and improvement. The risks posed by PIVCs are particularly significant given increasing PIVC dwell times, due to cannula removal now being determined by new guidance for clinical indication, rather than predefined time frames. Clinical 'best practice' is considered in context of the evidence base, importantly including availability and access to appropriate skin antisepsis products. In the UK, and other countries, ChloraPrep is the only skin antisepsis applicator licensed as a drug to disinfect skin and help prevent infections before invasive medical procedures, such as injections, blood sampling, insertion of PIVCs and minor or major surgery.

Ultrasound-guided placement of peripherally inserted intravenous catheters increase catheter dwell time in children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the dwell times of ultrasound-guided and non-ultrasound-guided short peripheral intravenous catheters in hospitalized children. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of data from 256 ultrasound-guided and 287 traditional peripheral intravenous catheters placed in hospitalized children between 1 September2016 and 31 October 2016 at a free-standing children's hospital with a 10-member vascular access team. A two-sample independent t test and Kaplan-Meier estimator were used to assess differences in dwell times between the ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters and non-ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters. Child age, peripheral intravenous catheter location, and subjective difficulty of placement were also analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in mean hours of dwell time for ultrasound-guided versus non-ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters (96.06 vs 59.39, p < 0.001). Mean increase in dwell time was 36.68 h (95% CI: [24.14-49.22]). Median dwell times (50% probability of survival) for ultrasound-guided and non-ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters were 118 h (95% CI: [95-137]) and 71 h (95% CI: [61-79]), respectively. None of the additional covariates were significant predictors of dwell time. CONCLUSION: Peripheral intravenous catheters placed using ultrasound-guided methods had a significantly longer dwell time than those placed using non-ultrasound-guided methods in a cohort of hospitalized pediatric patients. This is in line with the findings in the adult literature and may suggest a need to increase the use of ultrasound-guided method for peripheral intravenous catheter placement in pediatric practice.

The Effect of Catheter Length Placed Into the Vein on Peripheral Ultrasound-Guided Catheter Survival Time: A Prospective Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: Establishing and maintaining peripheral intravenous access in patients with no visible or palpable veins can be arduous. Intravenous catheters placed with ultrasound do not survive as long as traditionally placed catheters. This study was performed to determine the relationship between the catheter length placed into the lumen of the vein using ultrasound and catheter survival. METHODS: This was a nonrandomized prospective observational study of admitted patients with difficult intravenous placement in 2017. Subjects had ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous placement in the emergency department or intensive care unit. The main outcome was the time of catheter survival. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Cox regression. RESULTS: A total of 98 patients with an average age of 63 years were enrolled. The total number of cases examined was 97 (N = 97), of which 29 intravenous catheters were removed for catheter-related problems (events). The mean (SD) survival time for catheters placed using ultrasound was 3,445 minutes (2,414) or 2.39 days. Peripheral catheter survival was not significantly related to the in-vein length of the catheter (X2 = 0.03, P = 0.86) nor was it significantly related to any of the covariates. DISCUSSION: The survival time of ultrasound-guided intravenous access doubled in the present study from 1674 minutes in a previous 2013 study. The results may have been due to clinician expertise and experience with the peripheral ultrasound-guided method and the use of updated equipment.

Procedural competency for ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter insertion for nurses in a pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if nurses can reliably perform ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement in children with a high success rate after an initial training period. A secondary aim was to analyze complication rates of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters. METHODS: A database recorded all ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter encounters in the emergency department from November 2013 to April 2019 including the emergency department nurse attempting placement, number of attempts, and whether it was successful. Patient electronic medical records were reviewed for the time of and reason for intravenous removal.The probabilities of first-attempt successful intravenous placement and complication at successive encounters after an initial training period were calculated. These probabilities were plotted versus encounter number to graph best-fit logarithmic regressions. RESULTS: A total of 83 nurses completed a standardized training program in ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement including 10 supervised ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placements. In total, 87% (3513/4053) of the ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placed after the training program were successful on the first attempt. The probability of successfully placing an ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter increased as nurses had more experience placing ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters (R2 = 0.18) and was 83% at 10 encounters.Twenty-five percent (904/3646) of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters had complications, and there was no statistically significant relationship between the number of encounters per nurse and complication rates (R2 < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Nurses can reliably place ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters at a high success rate after an initial training period. First-attempt success rates were high and increased from 67% to 83% for the first 10 unsupervised encounters after training and remained high. The complication rate was low and did not change as nurses gained more experience.

Effects of Local Warming on the Peripheral Vein Cross-Sectional Area in Children Under Sedation.

PURPOSE: Peripheral venous catheterization is challenging in small children. The local warming technique has been used to increase the peripheral vein cross-sectional area (CSA) and improve the success rate. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of local warming on venous CSA in children under sedation. DESIGN: A pilot randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Eligible children aged 1 to 4 years undergoing ambulatory surgery were enrolled. At the bedside in the ambulatory surgery center, they were routinely sedated with 1 mcg/kg of intranasal dexmedetomidine. Through a computer allocation program, children were randomized into either a control group or a local warming group. Cephalic vein and basilic vein at 1 cm proximal to cubital fossa were scanned with ultrasound to measure venous CSA. Children in the control group received no intervention; those in the local warming group had a prepared hot pack of ~40°C applied to the target area on the arm for 5 minutes. A second ultrasound measurement was undertaken in both groups. FINDINGS: A total of 35 from 40 children were analyzed. Cephalic vein CSA and basilic vein CSA increased significantly vs the first measurement within the local warming group (P < .05 for both) but not in the control group (P > .05 for both). Cephalic vein CSA was significantly different between groups at the second measurement (P < .05) but not at the first measurement (P > .05). Basilic vein CSA was significantly different between groups neither at the first measurement nor at the second measurement (P > .05 for both). The application of local warming resulted in an average of 34% increase (from 4.1 to 5.5 mm2) in cephalic vein CSA and an average of 21% increase (from 4.8 to 5.8 mm2) in basilic vein CSA. CONCLUSIONS: The application of local warming induced mild venodilation in cephalic vein with an increase in CSA by 34% and had little venodilation effect on the basilic vein with an increase in CSA by only 21%.

Metodologias ativas no cateterismo periférico venoso: desenvolvimento de habilidades com simulador de baixo custo / Active methodologies in peripheral venous catheterization: Skills development with a low-cost simulator

RESUMO Objetivo Conhecer a percepção de estudantes de enfermagem sobre a contribuição do uso do simulador de baixo custo no desenvolvimento de habilidades técnicas para o cateterismo periférico venoso. Método Estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em universidade pública do sul do Brasil com 25 estudantes de enfermagem. Os dados foram coletados em 2019, por meio de questionário acerca do cateterismo periférico venoso, desenvolvido com apoio de simulador de baixo custo. Para análise, seguiu-se a proposta operativa de Minayo. Resultados A partir dos dados, surgiram duas categorias. 1) Desenvolvimento de habilidades para cateterismo periférico venoso: os estudantes apontaram que o uso do simulador possibilita compreender cada etapa do procedimento e identificar onde precisam aperfeiçoar a técnica, preparando-os para o contato com o paciente. 2) Dificuldades encontradas na utilização do simulador de baixo custo. Os estudantes destacaram a baixa fidelidade do simulador e a limitação do treinamento por simulação sem comunicação. Conclusões e implicações para a prática Os estudantes percebem o simulador de baixo custo como uma relevante ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de habilidades do cateterismo periférico venoso, sugerem seu aperfeiçoamento para aumentar a fidelidade e a incorporação da comunicação no momento da punção para o maior realismo da experiência simulada.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate nursing students' perception on the contribution of using a low-cost simulator in the development of technical skills for peripheral venous catheterization. Method A qualitative and descriptive study carried out in a public university of southern Brazil. Data was collected from 25 nursing students in 2019 by means of a questionnaire about peripheral venous catheterization, developed with the support of a low-cost simulator. Data was analyzed using Minayo's operative proposal. Results Two categories emerged from the data. 1) Skills development for peripheral venous catheterization: the students pointed out that the use of the simulator makes it possible to understand each stage of the procedure and to identify where they need to improve the technique, preparing them for contact with the patient. 2) Difficulties encountered in using the low-cost simulator. The students highlighted the low fidelity of the simulator and the limitation of the training by simulation without communication. Conclusions and implications for practice The students perceive the low-cost simulator as a relevant tool for the development of venipuncture skills and they suggest its improvement to increase fidelity, as well as the incorporation of communication at the moment of puncture for greater realism of the simulated experience.

Peripheral venipuncture practices performed by nursing professionals in a university hospital / Práticas de venopunção periférica dos profissionais de enfermagem em um hospital universitário / Prácticas de venopunción periférica de profesionales de enfermería en un hospital universitario

Objective:The study's main purpose has been to characterize the peripheral venipuncture practices performed by nursing professionals providing care to pediatric and geriatric patients in a Brazilian Southern university hospital. Methods: It is a descriptive and observational study with a quantitative approach, which was performed in a Brazilian Southern university hospital over the period from December 2015 to June 2016, counting with 14 nursing professionals who were performing peripheral venipuncture in children and elderly people at the study's data collection time. Results: A total of 20 observations were made for the elderly group and 5 for the pediatric group. During all observations there was some divergence with the theoretical orientation that could result in harm to the patient and/or professional. Conclusion: By carrying out this study, it was noticed a variation of the technique and divergences between the practiced actions, therefore, underlining the importance of defining standard procedures and techniques based on scientific reasoning to promote patient safety

Objetivo: Caracterizar as práticas de punção venosa periférica executadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem no cuidado aos pacientes pediátricos e geriátricos em um hospital universitário do sul do país. Método: Quantitativo, observacional descritivo. Realizado em um hospital universitário da região sul do país, de dezembro de 2015 a junho de 2016, com 14 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem durante a realização da prática de punção venosa periférica em crianças e idosos. Resultados: Realizou-se 20 observações para o grupo de idosos e 5 para o grupo pediátrico, e em todas as observações houveram alguma divergência com a orientação teórica que poderia resultar em um dano ao paciente e/ou profissional. Conclusão: Ao realizar esse estudo, percebeu-se uma variação da técnica e divergências entre as ações praticadas, destacando a importância da padronização e desenvolvimento de técnicas a partir de fundamentação científica para promoção da segurança do paciente

Objetivo: Caracterizar las prácticas de punción venosa periférica que realizan los profesionales de enfermería en la atención de pacientes pediátricos y geriátricos en un hospital universitario del sur del país. Método: cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo. Realizado en un hospital universitario de la región sur del país, de diciembre de 2015 a junio de 2016, con 14 profesionales del equipo de enfermería durante la práctica de venopunción periférica en niños y ancianos. Resultados: se realizaron 20 observaciones para el grupo de ancianos y 5 para el grupo de pediatría, y en todas las observaciones hubo alguna divergencia con la orientación teórica que podría resultar en daño al paciente y / o profesional. Conclusión: Al realizar este estudio se observó una variación de la técnica y divergencias entre las acciones realizadas, destacando la importancia de la estandarización y el desarrollo de técnicas con fundamento científico para promover la seguridad del paciente

Peripherally inserted central venous catheter placed and maintained by a dedicated nursing team for the administration of antimicrobial therapy vs. another type of catheter: a retrospective case-control study / Catéter venoso central de inserción periférica insertado y cuidado por un equipo entrenado de enfermería para la administración de terapia antimicrobiana frente a otro tipo de catéteres: estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles

INTRODUCTION: Data concerning the use of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) for the administration of intravenous (IV) antimicrobials in the acute care setting is scarce. METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective case-control study (1:1). Case subjects were defined as patients who received IV antimicrobial treatment through a PICC line placed and maintained by specifically trained nurses (PICC group). Control subjects were defined as patients who received antimicrobial therapy by a peripheral or a central venous catheter (CVC) (control group). Control subjects were matched by type of antimicrobial, causative microorganism of the infection that was being treated and duration of treatment. An event leading to undesired catheter removal (ELUCR) was defined as any circumstance which lead to the removal of the indwelling catheter other than the completion of the scheduled course of antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS: The study included 50 patients in each group. The total follow-up time was 1376 catheter-days for the PICC group and 1362 catheter-days for the control group. We observed a significantly lower incidence of ELUCR in the PICC group (0.2 versus 7.7 events per 100 catheter-days; P < 0.001). When the incidence of ELUCR was analyzed according to the duration of indwelling catheterisation for each type of catheter (divided into one-week intervals), differences between both groups were also significant (P-values ≤ 0.001 for the first three weeks of treatment). During the second week of IV treatment, only one patient in the PICC group (2.1%) developed an ELUCR compared to 19 (38.8%) in the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A PICC placed and maintained by a dedicated nursing team is an excellent alternative to peripheral venous catheters or CVCs for administrating antimicrobial therapy for both short and long periods of treatment

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existe escasa información disponible sobre el empleo de catéteres venosos centrales de inserción periférica (PICC en sus siglas en inglés) para la administración de antimicrobianos por vía intravenosa (IV) en la atención a pacientes con procesos agudos. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio unicéntrico retrospectivo de casos y controles (1:1). Los casos estaban constituidos por pacientes que recibieron tratamiento antimicrobiano IV a través de un catéter tipo PICC que fue insertado y cuidado por un equipo de enfermería especialmente entrenado a tal efecto (grupo PICC). Los controles estaban constituidos por pacientes que recibieron el tratamiento antimicrobiano a través de un catéter venoso periférico o a través de un catéter venoso central (CVC) (grupo control). Los controles fueron emparejados con los casos considerando el tipo de antimicrobiano administrado, el microorganismo causal de la infección que se estaba tratando y la duración del tratamiento. Se definió como un evento que condujo a la retirada no deseada del catéter (ECRDC) a cualquier circunstancia que obligara a la retirada del catéter insertado antes del tiempo programado para completar el tratamiento antimicrobiano establecido. RESULTADOS: El estudio incluyó 50 pacientes en cada grupo. El tiempo total de seguimiento fue de 1.376 días de catéter en el grupo PICC y de 1.362 días de catéter en el grupo control. Se observó una incidencia de ECRDC significativamente menor en el grupo PICC que en el grupo control (0,2 versus 7,7 eventos por cada 100 días de catéter; P < 0,001). Cuando la incidencia de ECRDC se analizó según la duración del tiempo de inserción de cada tipo de catéter (dividido en intervalos de una semana), se pudo constatar que las diferencias entre ambos grupos también eran significativas (P ≤ 0.001 para las tres primeras semanas de tratamiento). Durante la segunda semana de tratamiento IV, solamente un paciente en el grupo PICC (2,1%) desarrolló un ECRDC en comparación con 19 (38,8%) en el grupo control (P (P < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Un catéter tipo PICC insertado y cuidado por un equipo de enfermería entrenado es una excelente alternativa a los catéteres venosos periféricos o a los CVC para la administración de antimicrobianos tanto para periodos cortos como para periodos largos de tiempo

External validation of the DIVA and DIVA3 clinical predictive rules to identify difficult intravenous access in paediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous (IV) peripheral access is often a difficult procedure in the paediatric ED, causing pain and significant distress. Clinical prediction tools including reproducible variables have been developed to help clinicians identify children at risk of difficult IV access, likely to need additional resources/interventions to maximise success at first attempt. We aimed to externally validate the Difficult IntraVenous Access (DIVA) and DIVA3 scores developed for this purpose. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of children undergoing IV cannulation by nurses in a tertiary-care paediatric ED. Data were collected at the time of the procedure in a clinical report form. RESULTS: Of 440 children included (56.8% males; median age 4.7 years (IQR 1.5-9.5)), 23.4% had a difficult IV access (defined as requiring >1 attempt). Diagnostic accuracy measures for a DIVA cut-off ≥4 and their 95% CIs were sensitivity 24.3% (16.4% to 33.7%), specificity 92.6% (89.2% to 95.1%), positive and negative predictive value 50.0% (35.3% to 64.5%) and 80.0% (75.7% to 83.9%), respectively. The same measures for the DIVA3 were 22.3% (14.7% to 31.6%), 93.5% (90.3% to 95.9%), 51.1% (35.8% to 66.3%) and 79.8% (75.4% to 83.6%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.652 (95% CI 0.591 to 0.712) for the DIVA and 0.649 (95% CI 0.589 to 0.709) for the DIVA3 score. In patients with DIVA and DIVA3 <4, nurses' prediction of greater difficulty in IV placement and moderate/severe dehydration were common independent predictors of difficult IV at multivariate analysis. Only nurses' prediction of greater difficulty in IV placement were associated with higher odds of difficult cannulation for both DIVA/DIVA3 scores ≥4. CONCLUSION: We externally validated the DIVA and DIVA3 showing a similar accuracy compared with the DIVA derivation cohort and between DIVA and DIVA3. We identified factors that can help refine further the risk of difficult IV access and support decision making on the best strategy to maximise the chances of cannulation success on first attempt.

Development, Diagnostic Sensitivity, and Prognostic Accuracy of the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization Scale for Emergency Departments.

INTRODUCTION: Difficulty in accessing peripheral veins in emergency departments increases patients' discomfort and impedes their diagnosis. The objective of this study was to develop and test the prognostic accuracy of an easily applied scale to measure difficult venous access to peripheral veins in emergency departments, called the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted in adults from the hospital catchment area attending the emergency department. Using the Delphi technique, 5 experts reached a consensus regarding a 3-item scale scored from 0 to 5. Concurrent validity and predictive validity were analyzed using a numeric rating scale and the number of access attempts, respectively. Internal consistency and interobserver reliability for 3 independent observers were analyzed using Cronbach alpha and Cohen kappa, respectively. RESULTS: In 392 participants, the concurrent and predictive validity scores pointed to positive relationships with the numeric rating scale (r = 0.82; P < 0.001) and the number of access attempts (r = 0.5; P < 0.001), respectively. The odds ratio for 1 to 2 access attempts versus more than 2 access attempts in relation to the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale score was 2.76 (95% confidence interval 1.86, 4.08; P < 0.001). Sensitivity and specificity values for the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale were good, at 93.75% and 78.99%, respectively, as were internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0.81) and interobserver reliability (Cohen kappa 0.75). DISCUSSION: The Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale is a valid and reliable instrument for predicting difficult venous access in emergency departments.

Nursing students' knowledge on the management of peripheral venous catheters at Wollega University.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to the best standards of nursing practice is the fundamental principle to improve patient outcome and prevent nursing procedure related-infections. A peripheral venous catheter (PVC) is the most common invasive procedure performed in nursing care. Its poor performance could expose patients to bloodstream-related infections. The present study aimed to assess post-basic nursing students' knowledge of evidence-based guidelines on the management of peripheral venous catheters. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was conducted on May 01-03, 2019, using a convenient sample 239 among post-basic nursing students in Wollega University. RESULTS: The study result showed that nursing students' had a low mean (4.1±1.52) of knowledge about PVC procedure management. Only 41% of the respondents have adhered to recommendations of CDC guidelines. Among the provided options of the items, none achieved 100% correct answers. The majority of nursing students (77%) responded that antiseptic handwashing is always performed before insertion of PVCs. Meanwhile, few students (5%) correctly answered that the infusion set is recommended to be removed after 96 hours when neither lipids nor blood products are administered. In multivariable regression analysis, nursing students who had received training (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI (1.6, 5.1)) and who were younger (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI (1.3, 4.3)) significantly associated with a higher score of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: This study finding shows that an overall level of knowledge of post-basic nursing students is inadequate. Measurements such as an increase in the provision of adequate training by nurses educators based on evidence-based guidelines could improve the post-basic nursing students' knowledge.

Peripheral Intravenous Education in North American Nursing Schools: A Call to Action.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous (PIV) management requires knowledge, skill, and clinical judgment to ensure positive patient outcomes; yet, many nurses lack confidence in their PIV knowledge and skills. It is important that graduate nurses acquire PIV knowledge and skills in nursing school. This study aimed to explore PIV content coverage and clinical opportunities provided in U.S. and Canadian nursing curricula. METHOD: Using a descriptive, exploratory design, representatives of nursing schools completed a 12-item, web-based PIV curriculum survey. RESULTS: Most schools covered PIV content in classroom, laboratory, and clinical settings; however, some indicated students were not allowed to initiate PIVs in clinical settings. Participants noted that PIV education was a shared responsibility with health systems. CONCLUSION: It is important that nursing students develop PIV competence; however, competing pressures for time in nursing curricula may limit PIV coverage. Nurse educators can benefit from PIV and infusion therapy specialty organization resources. [J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(9):493-500.].